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آموزش فعل‌های حرکتی گذرا و ناگذر زبان فارسی به غیر فارسی‌زبانان: رویکردی شناختی در تشخیص گذرایی و مفهوم‌سازی فعل‌های حرکتی | ||
| پژوهش نامه آموزش زبان فارسی به غیر فارسی زبانان | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 8، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17، فروردین 1398، صفحه 109-126 اصل مقاله (684.09 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30479/jtpsol.2019.9434.1399 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| فائقه شاه حسینی* | ||
| دکتری زبانشناسی همگانی، مدرس زبان فارسی به غیرفارسی‌زبانان، کالج بین‌الملل دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 16 مهر 1397، تاریخ بازنگری: 01 آذر 1397، تاریخ پذیرش: 17 آذر 1397 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مطالعهی حاضر به بررسی جملاتی می‌پردازد که در آنها از افعال حرکتی استفاده شده است. تشخیص گذرایی برای زبان‌آموزان آنجا اهمیت می‌یابد که باید سازهی مفعولی را تشخیص داده و پس از آن حرف نشانه‌ی "را" بگذارند و تشخیص دهند که آیا با ساختی که روبرو هستند قابلیت مجهول‌پذیری دارد یا خیر. از آنجا که زبان‌آموزان شم زبانی فارسی‌زبانان را ندارند، بنابراین گاهی تشخیص گذرایی مسئله‌ای دشوار در تدریس و یادگیری می‌نماید. همچنین مفهوم‌سازی فعل‌های حرکتی برای زبان‌آموزان دشوار است. از این رو، در پژوهش حاضر سعی شد، پس از طبقه‌بندی فعل‌های حرکتی، مشخصات گذرایی نیز در کنار آنها عاملی برای پیش‌بینی در نظر گرفته شود. شرکت‌کنندگان در این پژوهش 24 زبان‌آموز سطح پنجم کالج بین‌الملل دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران بودند که در دو گروه 12 نفری بررسی شدند. گروه اول، بهعنوان گروه آزمون در نظر گرفته شد و بنا بر شناخت و استفاده از مفاهیم نظری تالمی (Talmy, 2000) تحت آموزش قرار گرفتند. در حالی که برای گروه دوم، یا گروه شاهد، آموزش از طریق روش مشخصی انجام نگرفته است. در نهایت، میزان بررسی کلی مدرس و آزمون کتبی نیز نشان داد که گروه آزمون درک بهتری در تشخیص فعل‌های جدید دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| فعل‌های حرکتی؛ گذرایی؛ آموزش به غیرفارسی‌زبانان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Teaching transitive/intransitive Persian motion verbs to non-native learners: A cognitive approach for recognizing transitivity and conceptualizing motion verbs | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Faeghe Shahhosseini | ||
| Corresponding author, PhD Graduate in General Linguistics, Persian Language Instructor, International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The present study explored sentences in which motion verbs had been used. Recognition of transitivity is very important for language learners since it would help them identify the object of the sentence and insert “ra” after it as object marker. It would also help in deciding whether a structure could be passivized or not. Since foreign learners of Persian language do not have native speaker intuitions about Persian grammar, recognition of transitivity is a learning problem for them. Also, conceptualizing motion verbs poses difficulties for Persian language learners. Therefore, in this study after classification of motion verbs, transitivity characteristics were also considered as a factor for prediction. 24 fifth level language learners at the International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in this study. They were assigned to two equal sized groups. The first group was considered as the experimental group and received instruction within Talmy’s (2000) theoretical framework. The second group which acted as the control group received ordinary instruction. Based on the instructor’s subjective evaluation and the results of the written test, the experimental group achieved better conceptualization of new verbs. Expanded Abstract The present study explored the notion of teaching transitivity of motion verbs. Recognition of transitivity is very important for Persian language learners. The importance of this structure in Persian is related to its use. On the one hand, the learners can guess whether they can use direct object and its marker (rā) or not, on the other hand, they can decide about using passive structure. Since the learners do not have native speaker intuitions about Persian grammar, recognition of transitivity is a difficult subject for them. Motion events involve situations encompassing movement or the maintenance of a stationary location. According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Besides these two components, its semantic structure has two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the course followed or the site occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location. Considering only the dynamic motion event (MOVE) and leaving the result of a motion (BE Loc) aside, we deal with the linking of semantic and syntactic properties. Following Talmy (2000), Persian language motion verbs are classified in fifteen groups, and one schematic representation was considered for each of them. In this study referential verbs describe a motion event only when their object denotes a location-type entity. After classifying Persian verbs into transitive and intransitive verbs, there is a semantic analysis based on their figure and grounds. All the subjects in intransitive structures are figures and the figures experience change in their location or move from a source to a goal. While, in transitive motion events, verbs are classified in three types; referential, relational, or causative. There is distinction between two types of linguistically defined entities: an object vs. a location. A location refers to a stable spatial fragment within a given frame of reference. An object refers to a material entity, not necessarily stable, within a frame of reference. Moreover, relational verbs such as ‘cross’, ‘pass’, and ‘climb’ do not implement any selectional limitations on the object/location alternation. They describe a motive relation between two implicit regions first defined in relation to each other. The semantic role considered as prototypical for the direct object is the Patient. And transitive structure followed this structure: NP1 Vtrans NP2. It means that all transitive structures in Persian language should apply one noun phrase as their direct objects and prototypically it is the patient of the verb. 24 participants of the study were in the fifth level of the International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and were assigned to two equal sized groups. The first group was considered the experimental group. After classification of motion verbs, the transitivity characteristics should also be considered as a factor for prediction. The results revealed that the experimental group had a better understanding of the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian Language. Based on the results of the present study which involved two groups of L2learners who underwent 16trainingsessions,it was found that the experimental group had a better understanding of motion verbs and its members better understood the meaning of new verbs. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| motion verbs, transitivity, teaching Persian to non-native speakers | ||
| مراجع | ||
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پشتوان، حمیده، حق‌بین، فریده و افراشی، آزیتا. (1394). بازنمود رویدادهای حرکتی در گفتار روایی کودکان فارسی‌زبان در نگرش شناختی. دوماهنامهی جستارهای زبانی. ش 3 (پیاپی 24)، صص: 19-40. حامدی شیروان، زهرا، شریفی، شهلا. (1393). بررسی رده‌شناختی مقوله‌ی «قمر» در ساخت رویدادی افعال حرکتی در زبان فارسی. دوماهنامهی جستارهای زبانی. ش 2 (پیاپی 18)، صص: 71- 88. شاه‌حسینی، فائقه. (1389). پیش‌نمونهی ساخت گذرا از منظر معنی‌شناسی شناختی. رساله‌ی کارشناسی ارشد زبانشناسی همگانی. تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی. شاه‌حسینی، فائقه. (1396). بررسی تطبیقی فعل در زبان‌های فارسی میانه و نو از دیدگاه رده‌شناسی شناختی. رساله‌ی دکتری زبانشناسی همگانی. تهران: دانشگاه پیام نور تهران. شاه‌حسینی، فائقه، روشن، بلقیس، صبوری، نرجس و نجفیان، آرزو. (1396). بررسی گذرایی فعل‌های حرکتی در زبان فارسی. جستارهای زبانی. ۸ (۷) : صص: ۱۱۷-۱۳۶. مسگرخویی،مریم. (1392). باز نمود مسیر در افعال حرکتی فارسی .ویژه‌نامه‌ی فرهنگستان، دستور، شماره 9، صص: 74-92. References: Choi-Jonin, I., & Sarda, L. (2002) Transitive Motion Verbs in French and in Korean, www.lattice.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/CHOI-SARDALouvain2002.pdf Cifuentes Ferez, P. (2008). Motion in English and Spanish: A Perspective from Cognitive linguistics, Typology and Psycholinguistics, PhD Dissertation, Unitversity de Murcia. Evans, V. & M. Green )2006). Cognitive Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Hamedi Shirvan, Z. & Sharifi, Sh. (2014). A Typological Analysis of Satellite in the Event Structure of Motion Verbs in Persian. Language Related Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Tome 18), Summer, p. 71-88. Langacker, R. (2002). Concept, image and symbol. 2nd ed. Berlin New York: Mouton. Mesgar-Khoyi, M. (2014). The Representation of Path in Persian Motion Verbs. Grammar; the Academy of Persian and Literature. Vol. 9. March, 2014. Poshtvan, H., Haghbin F., & Afrashi, A. (2015). “Representation of Motion Events in Persian-Speaking Children's Narratives; A Cognitive Approach”. Language Related Research, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Tome 24), July, August & September Shahhosseini, F. (2010), Prototypical Transitivity in Persian Language based on Cogntive Semantics, AllamehTabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Shahhosseini, F. (2018), The Comparative Study of Persian Language Verbs in Modern and Middle Persian, based on Cognitive Typology, PayameNoor University, Tehran, Iran. Shahhosseini, F., Belgheis, R., Sabouri, N., & Najafian, A. (2018). Transitivity of Motion Verbs in Persian Language. Language Related Research, Vol. 8, No. 7 (Tome 42), Winter Special 2018. Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization Patterns: Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms. In: T. Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and Lexicon (pp. 57-149). New York: Cambridge University Press. Talmy, L. . (1991). Path to realization: A typology of event conflation. Berkeley Linguistic Society 17: 480-519. Talmy, L. . (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. 2 Vols. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT-Press. Taylor, J. (1995). Linguistic Categorization, Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | ||
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