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Application of gene sequences in plant phylogenetic inferences | ||
Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 7، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 14، دی 2018، صفحه 13-23 اصل مقاله (422.52 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: Review Paper | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30479/ijgpb.2019.9908.1221 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Adeleh Toluei؛ Zeinab Toluei* | ||
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P. O. Box: 873175-3153, Kashan, Iran. | ||
تاریخ دریافت: 21 دی 1397، تاریخ بازنگری: 21 مهر 1398، تاریخ پذیرش: 27 شهریور 1398 | ||
چکیده | ||
Molecular phylogenetic is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes hereditary molecular diversity, mainly in DNA sequences, to increase data on an organism‘s evolutionary relationships. Due to the taxonomic levels of the study, various molecular markers are applied in molecular phylogeny. The selection of molecular instrument is of paramount matter to ensure that a proper level of variation is meliorated to respond the phylogenetic question. In this review, we have been trying to discuss about gene markers used in the plant phylogeny at various taxonomic levels. The current gene markers used in phylogeny include: the ribosomal nuclear genes, low copy nuclear genes and the extra-nuclear genome (mitochondrial and chloroplastic genomes). Conserved regions could be used at higher taxonomic levels in phylogenetics studies and regions with more changes could be applied between closely related taxa. One of the most common sequences for studying the phylogenetic relationships at the generic and infrageneric taxonomic levels in plants is the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18S–5.8S–26S nuclear ribosomal cistron. Chloroplastic gene sequences have been used extensively at the family level and above but chloroplast non-coding sequences such as introns and intergenic spacers are used more frequently at lower taxonomic levels. Low-copy nuclear genes are most useful at the interspecific and intraspecific levels where cpDNA and/or nrDNA cannot provide adequate resolution. Evidence offers that for more strongly reconstruction of phylogeny, several discrete genes are needed. Now, uses of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are reported. Techniques for NGS are an alternative to prevalent methods that let access to hundreds of DNA regions. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
rDNA؛ cpDNA؛ Low-copy gene؛ Plant phylogeny؛ Taxonomic level | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
کاربرد ترادف های ژنی در استنتاج های فیلوژنی گیاهی | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
عادله طلوعی؛ زینب طلوعی | ||
گروه زیست شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشگده شیمی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران، کدپستی: 873175-3153. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
فیلوژنی مولکولی به تجزیه و تحلیل تنوع مولکولی ارثی میپردازد و بطور عمده در توالی DNA برای افزایش اطلاعات در روابط تکاملی یک موجود زنده عمل میکند. بر اساس سطح تاکسونومیکی مورد مطالعه، نشانگرهای مختلفی در فیلوژنی مولکولی بهکار میروند. انتخاب ابزار مولکولی از اهمیتی ویژه برخوردار است تا اطمینان حاصل شود که سطح مناسبی از تغییرات برای پاسخ به سؤالات فیلوژنی بررسی شده است. در این جستار سعی شده است تا نشانگرهای ژنی مورد استفاده در فیلوژنی گیاهی در سطوح مختلف تاکسونومیکی بررسی و تحلیل گردد. نشانگرهای ژنی رایج مورد استفاده در فیلوژنی شامل ژنهای هستهای ریبوزومی، ژنهای هستهای با تعداد رونوشت کم و ژنوم خارج هستهای (ژنوم میتوکندری و کلروپلاست) است. مناطق حفاظتشده میتوانند در سطوح تاکسونومیکی بالاتر در مطالعات فیلوژنی استفاده شود و مناطقی با تغییرات بیشتر میتوانند بین تاکسونهای نزدیک به هم بهکار روند. یکی از توالیهای متداول برای مطالعه روابط فیلوژنتیک در سطوح تاکسونومیک جنس و پایینتر از جنس در گیاهان، نواحی فاصلهانداز رونویسی شوندة داخلی (ITS) منطقه 18S-5.8S-26S سیسترون ریبوزومی هستهای است. توالیهای ژن کلروپلاستی در سطح خانواده و بالاتر؛ اما توالیهای غیرکد کنندة کلروپلاست مانند اینترونها و فاصلهاندازهای بینژنی بیشتر در سطوح طبقهبندی پایینتر استفاده میشوند. ژنهای هستهای با تعداد رونوشت کم در سطوح درون و بینگونهای زمانی بیشتر کاربرد دارند که ژنهای cpDNA و یا nrDNA نتوانند اطلاعات کافی را ارائه دهند. شواهد نشان میدهد که برای بازسازی قوی فیلوژنی، چندین ژن گسسته مورد نیاز است. امروزه، استفاده از تکنیکهای نسل جدید توالییابی NGS)) گزارش شده است. تکنیک های NGS جایگزینی برای روشهای رایج است که امکان دسترسی به صدها ناحیه DNA را امکانپذیر میسازد. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
rDNA, cpDNA, ژن با تعداد رونوشت پایین, فیلوژنی گیاهی, سطح تاکسونومیکی | ||
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