تعداد نشریات | 19 |
تعداد شمارهها | 380 |
تعداد مقالات | 3,141 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 4,263,778 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 2,858,753 |
عوامل موثر بر وقوع ناآرامی ها در کشور عراق (مطالعه موردی ابعاد سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی اعتراضات سال 2019) | ||
مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام | ||
مقاله 5، دوره 8، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 32، اسفند 1398، صفحه 101-125 اصل مقاله (851.77 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30479/psiw.2020.11869.2652 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
علی باقری* 1؛ محسن شفیعی سیف ابادی2 | ||
1عضو هیات علمی- دانشگاه یاسوج | ||
2عضو هیات علمی گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه اردکان، یزد | ||
تاریخ دریافت: 28 مهر 1398، تاریخ بازنگری: 22 اردیبهشت 1399، تاریخ پذیرش: 28 اردیبهشت 1399 | ||
چکیده | ||
هدف: اعتراضات سیاسی یکی از انواع کنشهای سیاسیمحسوب میشود. عراق پس از صدام بارها شاهد چنین اعتراضاتی بوده است.آخرین مورد از این اعتراضات در پاییز 1398 رخ داد. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی علت ناآرامیهای سیاسی در عراق و چرایی تبدیل اعتراضات اخیر به شکل ضد نظام است. روش: برای انجام پژوهش حاضر از نظریه محرومیت نسبی تِد رابرت گر و روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی استفاده شده است. یافتهها: طبق یافتههای پژوهش، میزان درآمد نفتی و رشد اقتصادی عراق طی سالهای گذشته انتظارات ارزشی را در میان جوانان، که 59 درصد جمعیت را تشکیل میدهند، بالا برده و به تعارض با توقعات ارزشی در آنها منجر شده است. لذا با مشاهده میزان فقر، فساد و بیکاری و مقایسه کشور خود با دیگر دولتهای منطقه دچار نوعی احساس محرومیت نسبی شدهاند. بنابراین کنشهای سیاسی آنها شکل خشونتآمیز و اعتراضی به خود گرفته است. نتیجهگیری: با توجه به اینکه رفع احساس محرومیت نسبی در شهروندان نیازمند اقدامات ساختاری و جدی است و انجام این کار در کوتاهمدت عملاً امکانپذیر نیست، لذا میتوان گفت تا زمانی که اصلاحات اقتصادی لازم در عراق انجام نپذیرد و کنشهای سیاسی شهروندان عراقی در قالب جنبشهای مدنی و احزاب دنبال نگردد وقوع اعتراضات خشونتبار همانند پاییز 1398 در شهرهای عراق امری طبیعی و قابل تصور خواهد بود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
ناآرامی سیاسی؛ عراق؛ محرومیت نسبی؛ اقتصاد؛ فقر؛ بیکاری | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Effective Factors on Unrest in Iraq: A Case Study of the Political, Economic and Social Dimensions of the 2019 Protests | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
ali bagheri1؛ mohsen shafiee seifabadi2 | ||
1assistant professor- yasouj university | ||
2member of political science department;, Ardakan University, Yaz | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Objective: Political protests are one of the types of political action.Iraq has witnessed such protests many times after Saddam Hussein. The last of these protests occurred in the fall of 2019. The aim of this study is to identify the cause of political unrest in Iraq and to find an answer to the question of why the recent protests have become anti-regime? Method: The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and uses Ted Robert Gurr's relative deprivation theory as a theoretical framework. Results: According to research findings, Iraq's oil revenue and economic growth over the past years has raised value expectations among young people, who make up 59% of the population, and maketo feel contradiction with their value expectations. Thus, they have experienced a sense of relative deprivation by observing poverty, corruption and unemployment and comparing their country with other regional governments.Therefore, their political actions havetaken the form of violence and protest. Conclusion: Given that the elimination of the feeling of relative deprivation in citizens requires structural and serious measures, and it is practically impossible to do so in the short term, so; it can be said as long as the necessary economic reforms are not carried out in Iraq and Iraqi citizens don't pursue their political activities in the form of parties and civil movements, the occurrence of violent protests, as in the fall of 2019 in Iraqi cities, will be natural and imaginable. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Political Unrest, Iraq, Relative Deprivation, Economy, Poverty, Unemployment | ||
مراجع | ||
1.Aboulenein, Ahmed, (2019), "Iraq to Open Border-Crossing with Syria on Monday" , The Reuters, 28 September 2019, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-syria-border/iraq-to-open-border-crossing-with-syria-on-monday-id 2.Abu Zeed, Adnan, (2019), " Iraq Steps up Search for Advanced Air Defense System", Al-Monitor, 23 September 2019, available at: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/iraq-pmu-air-defense-russia-s-400-system.html 3.Ala-Aldin, Ranj, (2018), "Sectarianism, Governance, and Iraq's Future", Brookings Doha Center Analysis, 24 November 2018, Available at: 4.Al-Alak, Mehdi, )2015(, Poverty Reduction Strategy in Iraq, Central Organization for Statistics in Iraq COSIT, Available at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1112/CFS39Docs/SpecialSession/CFS_39 5.Aljazeera Center for Studies, Iraq's protests: All you need to know in 500 words", Aljazeera Center for Studies, Available at:https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-protests-500-words.html 6.Aljazeera Network Web Site, )2019(, "Iraq's Uprising an Open Crisis with No known Path Forward", 9 October 2019, Aljazeera Network Web Site, Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-uprising-open-crisis-path-.html 7.Bayertz, Kurt, )1999(, Solidarity, London: Springer 8.Beech, Eric, )2019(, "U.S.'s Pompeo urges Iraq's prime minister to tackle protesters’ grievances", The Reuters, 9 October 2019, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-protests-usa/uss-pompeo-urges-iraqs-prime-minister-to-tackle-protesters-grievances-idUSKBN1WO034 9.Biddle, Stephen; Friedman, Jeffrey A.; Long, Stephen, (2012), "Civil War Intervention and the Problem of Iraq", International Studies Quarterly, Vol.56, No.1, pp.85-98. 10. Bobseine, Haley, (2019), "Iraqi youth protesters: Who they are, what they want, and what’s next", Middle East Institute, 14 October 2019, Available at: https://www.mei.edu/publications/iraqi-youth-protesters-who-they-are-what-they-want-and-whats-next 11. CEIC Data, )2019(, ''What was Iraq's Crude Oil: Exports in 2018?'', CEIC Data, Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iraq/crude-oil-exports. 12. CIA World Fact Book, )2018(, Iraq Population below Poverty Line, CIA World Fact Book, Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c= iz&v=69 13. Cohan, Alvin Stanford, )1990(, Theories of Revolution: An Introduction. Translated by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran: Ghomes [In Persian] 14. Driscoll, Dylan O., )2018(, " Emerging Trends of Conflict and Instability in Iraq", Helpdesk Report, November 2018, Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c18d35ee5274a468ba7fab3/433_Emerging_Trends_of_Conflict_and_Instability_in_Iraq.pdf 15. Euronews, )2019(, "Iraqi Oil Exports Hit Record Highs", Euronews Agency, 1 September 2019, Available at:https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/09/01/iraq-new-oil-export-record. )In Persian( 16. Gunter, Frank R. )2013(, The Political Economy of Iraq, London: Edward Elgar Publishing 17. Gurr, Ted Robert, )1968 a(, "Psychological Factors in Civil Violence", World Politics, Vol.2, No.2, PP. 245-278. Available at: http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/PS439G/readings/gurr_1968.pdf 18. Gurr, Ted Robert,)1968 b(, " A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices", American Political Science Review, Vol.62, pp.1107-1115. 19. Halbfinger, David M.; Hubbard, Ben; Bergman, Ronen, )2019(, "The Israel-Iran Shadow War Escalates and Breaks Into the Open", The New York Times, 28 August 2019, Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/28/world/middleeast/israel-iran-shadow-war.html 20. International Labour Conference, )2019(, Committee on the Application of Standards, C.App./PV.3, Iraq (C182), International Labour Organization Available at:https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_710552.pdf 21. International Labour Organization, )2016(, ILO in Iraq, International Labour Organization ,January 20 2016, Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_444514.pdf 22. Israel hayom, )2019(, Why Israelis Should Support the Iraqi Protesters", Israel hayom, 6 October 2019, Available at: https://www.israelhayom.com/opinions/why-israelis-should-support-the-iraqi-protesters 23. Israeli Foreign Ministry, )2019(, "Israeli Foreign Ministry statement on events in Iraq", Israeli Foreign Ministry ,11 October 2019, Available at: https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/Pages/default.aspx 24. Iuvm press, )2019(, "EXCLUSIVE: Evidence prove Saudi Arabia hand in Iraq protests", Iuvm press, October 2019, Available at: https://iuvmpress.com/46909 25. Jerusalem Post, )2019(, "Iraq Supresses Internet, send Security Forces to Crush Protesters", Jerusalem Post, 3 October 2019, Available at:https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Iraq-suppresses-internet-sends-security-forces-to-crush-pro. 26. Kahtan Khalaf, Hamsa, )2018(, " Impact of Political Instability on the Reality of Iraqi Political Parties: A Study According to the Results of the 2018 Elections", European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, Vol.5, No.2, pp151-162. 27. Macrotrends, )2019(, Iraq Unemployment Rate 1991-2019, Macrotrends Institute, Available at: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRQ/iraq/unemployment-rate' 28. Majid, Pesha, )2019(, "Angry Iraqis Demand New Government", Foreign Policy, 7 October 2019, Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/07/angry-iraqis-yearn-for-military-rule-again/ 29. Malakoutian, Mostafa, )1993(, A look at the Theories of Revolution,Tehran: Ghomes. )In Persian( 30. Manfreda, Primoz, )2019(, "Current Situation in Iraq", Thought Co, 6 May 2018, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/current-situation-in-iraq-2353055. 31. Merton, Robert K., )1938(, "Social Structure and Anomie", American Sociological Review, Vol.3, pp.672-82. 32. OPEC, )2019(, "OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report", OPEC ,10 October 2019, Available at: https://momr.opec.org/pdf-download/ 33. Rasheed, Ahmad, )2019(, "Iraqi PM says Israel is responsible for attacks on Iraqi militias: Al Jazeera", The Reuters, 30 September 2019, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security/iraqi-pm-says-israel-is-responsible-for-attacks-on-iraqi-militias-al-jazeera-idUSKBN1WF1E5 34. Rasheed, Ahmad; Davison, John, )2019(, "U.S. pressures Baghdad over Iran-backed militias", The Reuters, 15 May 2019, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-iraq/u-s-pressures-baghdad-over-iran-backed-militias-idUSKCN1SL0F6 35. Richardson, Clare, )2011(, "Relative Deprivation Theory in Terrorism: A Study of Higher Education and Unemployment as Predictors of Terrorism", Senior Honors Thesis, New York University, Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8cde/665bbd27872a4a920b08e9f2774a5cd87d12.pdf 36. Rubin Alissa J. ;Bergman, Ronen, )2019(, Israeli Airstrike Hits Weapons Depot in Iraq", The New York Times, 22 August 2019, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/world/middleeast/israel-iraq-iran-airstrike.html 37. Skinner, Helena, )2019(, "Why Iraqis are protesting after 'years of anger and frustration", Euro News, 4/10/2019, Available at: https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/04/why-iraqis-are-protesting-after-years-of-anger-and-frustration 38. Spencer, Claire; Kinninmont, Jane; Sirri, Omar, )2013(, "Iraq Ten Yeaes On, Chatham House", The chatham house, May 2013, Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0513pr_iraqtenyearson.pdf 39. Taneja, Kabir, )2018(, "The Isis Phenomenon: South Asia and Beyond", Observer Research Foundation, Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ORF_Monograph_ISIS_Final.pdf 40. The world Bank, )2019(, "Iraq Over View: The world Bank in Iraq", The world Bank, available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview 41. The World Bank, )2019(, "Republic of Iraq", The World Bank, Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/300251553672479193/Iraq-MEU-April-2019-Eng.pdf 42. Trading Economics, )2019(, "Iraq Corruption Index", Trading Economics, Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/iraq/corruption-rank 43. Tripathi, Rama Charan; Shrivastava, Rashmi, )1981(, "Relative Deprivation and Intergroup Attitudes", European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 11, pp. 313-318. 44. Twaij, Ahmed, )2019(, "In Iraq, Protesters Are Sick of Corruption and Foreign Influence", Journal of Foreign Policy, 7 October 2019, Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/07/in-iraq-protesters-are-sick-of-corruption-and-foreign-influence-saadi-abdul-mahdi/ WHO, )2014(, "Conflict and humanitarian crisis in Iraq", Eorld Health Organization, World Health Organization, 24 October 2014, Available at: https://www.who.int/hac/crises/irq/iraq_phra_24october2014.pdf. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 902 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 919 |