تحلیلِ گفتمان انتقادیِ رُمانِ آخرین انار دنیا

Extended Abstract

1. Introduction

       The Kurdish novel from its first formative period has been linked to political and social developments and conflicts. Kurdish writers have paid a significant attention to novels due to their literary capacities, abilities, and the expression of numerous and diverse views. One type of novel is the political novel that, because of having certain characteristics, has been somewhat different from other contemporary literary types. The Kurdish novel has been a political novel from the beginning and due to its background in Kurdish literature, it can be boldly said that It is orientalism ”. Although a Kurdish novel, it appeared much later than other types of literature; But given the contemporary developments in Kurdish society, especially since the 1980s and 1990s, we are witnessing its prosperity ”. In fact, political pressures did not allow writers to write novels; But with the evolution, the Kurdish novel spread over the decades and was able to exert its effects on society. The novel "The Last Pomegranate of the World" .is a successful example of a novel that has been able to play such a role. This novel has a special historical-political space and place, a kind of attitude towards Kurdish nationalism, desecration and breaking the taboo of historical events in Iraqi Kurdistan, the impact of politics and war on society, generational conflict, and changing the attitude and worldview of the main character of the novel after imprisonment And the image of the suffocating atmosphere and bewilderment of the Iraqi Kurdish people is a political novel; Thus, "the analysis of contemporary political literature, especially fiction in recent decades, has been linked to critical analysis of discourse, and critics have tried to use this approach to find power relations within the text, and in this, In fact, find out the type of political power and ideology of the author.

2. Methodology

    This research is based on Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach and method. Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes how social and political power is reproduced through text and discourse. In discourse analysis, unlike traditional linguistic analyzes, it is no longer merely with the syntactic and lexical elements that make up the sentence, as the main basis for explaining meaning; That is, we are not dealing with the context of the text; But beyond that with factors outside the text; "That is, we are faced with a situational, cultural, social, etc. context. This method seeks to show the instability of meaning and reveal the relationship between text and ideology to prove that no text or writing is neutral; Rather, it depends on a specific situation, including political, social, cultural, and so on.

3. Results

      The Last Pomegranate of the World by Bakhtiar Ali is one of the Kurdish political novels who revolted against the Ba'ath regime in Iraq and the coming of a semi-independent Kurdish state with the banner of the political parties in that region. As a magical realistic novel, this novel attempts to critically reflect on this period and narrates the state of politics and failures.

4. Discussion

       The analysis of the elements of the text at the level of explanation shows that the political events of the period and the prevalent space of 1975, the civil wars between the Kurdish parties and the chaotic period after it, have always led to defeat, disappointment and more downgrading of the people. The critical analysis of this novel is based on the text of the novel and critique of violence, politics, and power which revolves around the theme of anti-dictatorship and anti-politics.

5. Conclusion

      A study at the level of explanation also shows that the discourse of violence formed in war has the potential to continue to be produced and reproduced in society for years. The author's specific and ideological point of view seeks to reflect anti-violent discourse by choosing appropriate words and realistic descriptions in the context of the text; Thus, the narratives of the novel revolve around the fundamental theme of "anti-authoritarianism and anti-politics", which also shows the author's position on these developments and currents. Criticism of violence and militarism, blind obedience, the persistence of hopes despite the experience of failures, are the main themes of the novel. This novel is a narrative of the defeats and betrayals of the leaders that took place between  1994 and  1997 years after independence and the civil wars, a critical novel that's due to the political atmosphere in Iraqi Kurdistan. , Has used the style of magical realism to express his critical thoughts.

Key words: Kurdish Novel, Critical Discourse Analysis, the Last Pomegranate of the World, Bakhtiat Ali, Magical Realism.