نقد فیلم «وقتی همه خوابیم» بر اساس نظریه‌های رمان پسامدرن

Introduction

Reviewing the comparability of the elements and techniques of postmodern novels with the movie When We are All Asleep from Bahram Beyzaie.

Methodology

For doing this research, first, we studied theoretical basis and other information about postmodern novels though various sources. Then we collected  techniques of postmodern novels and took several notes. After that among the movies of Iranian cinema that have been made in the postmodernist style, the film "When We are All Asleep" was chosen. At last by reviewing this movie, the main techniques used in it have been extracted, classified and analysed.

Discussion and Results

After reviewing the film When We Are All Sleeping, we come to the conclusion that among the 19 techniques of postmodern novels, in the mentioned film, six techniques i.e. "ontological content", "fragmentation", "irony", "verisimilitude", "the writer’s presence in fiction" and "the death of the author's authority" have been widely used.

Conclusion

In the film When We Are All Sleeping, six techniques i.e. "ontological content", "fragmentation", "irony", "verisimilitude", "the writer’s presence in fiction" and "the death of the author's authority" have been widely used. Hence, the mentioned film has been relatively successful in applying postmodern novel techniques. Meanwhile these studies indicate that there is no significant difference between the characteristics of postmodern works in literature and cinema. Despite this result, we should consider the own characteristics of the film industry and the use of video narration (the language of the video camera) and audio and the available trucages in this industry (such as makeup, special effects, etc.). In other words, although almost all techniques of the postmodern novel can be used in cinema, the substantive difference between written and visual literature must be considered. For example in film industry, showing a video camera or doing make-up in a movie scene, is a clear demonstration of the "verisimilitude" technique, which is obviously reflected by a different manner in postmodern novels.

Keywords

Postmodernism & Postmodern novel, Cinema of Iran, Postmodern cinema, written text, visual text.

References

Beyzaie, B. (Producer & Director) (2009). When We Are All Asleep.VCD. Tehran: Honar Namaye Parsian. [In Persian]

Cuddon, J. A. (2008). A Dictionary of Literary Terms. Translated by: Firouzmand. K. Tehran: Shadgan. [In Persian]

Dad, S. (2013). Dictionary of Literary Terms. Tehran: Morvarid. [In Persian]

Omid, J. (2010). The Iranian Films Encyclopedia.Vol. 4. (1999- 2009). Tehran: Nega. [In Persian]

Payandeh, H. (2007). The Postmodern Novel And Film: A Monograph on the Structure and Techniques of “MIX”. Tehran: Hermes. [In Persian]

 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ(2011). The Discourse of Criticism: Essays in Literary Criticism. Tehran: Niloofar. [In Persian]

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ (2014a). The Short Story in Iran (Vol.3. Postmodernist Stories). Tehran: Niloofar. [In Persian]

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ (2014b). Opening The Novel: Critical Readings of Contemporary Iranian Novels. Tehran: Morvarid. [In Persian]

Tadayoni, M. (2009). Postmodernism In Iranian Fiction. Tehran: Elm. [In Persian]